9.Adipose Tissue

CATEGORY:

•Physiology

DEFINITION:

•Adipose Tissue is a primary form of Connective Tissue

-Visceral...organ surround

-Subcutaneous...beneath the skin

-White Adipose Tissue (WAT)

-Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

-Beige Adipose Tissue

FUNCTION:

•Storage of energy as Lipids

-Fatty Acids and Triglycerides being forms

•Cushioning and insulation of body

•Produces Hormones...

-Leptin

-Estrogen

-Resistin (creator of Cholesterol LDL)

•Source of heat and energy

•Regulator for Fat soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)

•Source of Essential Fatty Acids

ACTION:

•Lipolysis is the removal of Fatty Acid chains from bound Glycerol in storage form as Triglycerides...carried out by Lipases

-Lipases are activated by high Epinephrine and Glucagon levels in the blood 

-Norepinephrine secreted by Sympathetic Nerves in Adipose Tissue), caused by declining Blood Glucose levels after meals, lowers Insulin level in the blood

•WAT have receptors for...

-Insulin

-Growth Hormones

-Epinephrine & Norepinephrine...triggers for Glucogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis

-Glucocorticoids...

—Steroid Hormone regulator for metabolism of Glucose and immunity

—Linked to Cortisol

•BAT generates body heat

-Contains more droplets, capillaries and mitochondria than WAT owing to its greater need for Oxygen

-ATP utilised as a source of energy

-Related to Skeletal Muscle in its behaviour

-Found in the back of the neck and converts food to heat

-Acts like a muscle when stimulated by cold environments, burning calories for fuel

-An adult of normal or below-normal weight naturally stores about 2–3 ounces of BAT—enough to burn 250 calories over the course of three hours when stimulated

•BeigeFat...

-Embedded in WAT

-Exercise releases the hormone irsin, which converts WAT into BAT

-Stores the energy that would otherwise become WAT

-Acts in a similar thermogenic manner to BAT

FACTS:

•Subcutaneous is thickest in...

-Buttocks

-Palm

-Soles

•Visceral Fat does not move in the same manner as Subcutaneous e.g if you jump it doesn't wobble

-Linked to forms of poor health...

—Cholesterol

—Diabetes

—Alzheimers

MANIPULATION:

•BAT takes calories from WAT to burn

-Exposure to cold leads to a thermogenic affect that burns calories and body fat

•Genetics determines where on the body and in what form accumulated Fat takes

-Wherever Fat is added first will be the last place it is lost

-Spot Reduction could affect BAT but not WAT, due to the capillaries and mitochondria in BAT

DIETING:

•Lipolysis (fat burning) is a primary target of any diet, but as fat comes in different forms at different layers it is hard to target one over another

-Fatty acids are released between meals from Adipose Tissue, where they are stored as Triglycerides

•Subcutaneous Fat can be measured with calliper as an indicator of Body Recomposition progress

•Visceral measured with Subcutaneous by circumferences and impediment techniques e.g tape measure or 

RELATED TO:

•Hormones

•Glucogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis

•Irisin

NOTES: