8.Metabolic Pathways

CATEGORY:

•Metabolic Pathways

GLYCOLYSIS:-

•Breakdown of Carbohydrates to Glucose for energy

•Produces CO2, H2O & ATP

•Insulin reaction regulates concentration of Glucose in blood 

•Primary energy source for brain

GLYCOGENOLYSIS:-

•Breakdown of Glycogen to Glucose in Liver & Muscles

•Important process for immediate supply of energy in response to Insulin, Glucagon and Epinephrine

•Triggered by Fasted Mode

GLUCONEOGENESIS:-

•Combination of Metabolic Pathways that collect and revise carbon skeletons of Amino Acids, glycerol backbones of Triglycerides, Pyruvate and Lactic Acid to make new Glucose in absence of ingested forms

•Triggered by Fasted Mode

•A slow process of reestablishing Blood Sugar levels

•Prevalent in Low-Carb diet

-Ongoing process whereby Amino Acids contribute to Blood Sugar even if Glycogen Stores are not depleted

LIPOLYSIS:-

•Catabolic metabolism of Lipids (Fat) involving hydrolysis (breakdown using water) of Triglycerides (Adipose Tissue) into Glycerol (eventually Glucose or Glycogen) and Free Fatty Acids

•Hormones that induce the process...

-Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

-Norepinephrine 

-Ghrelin

-Growth Hormone (HGH)

-Testosterone

-Cortisol

•Glucagon increases Blood Glucose causing breakdown of Fat and Protein...more pronounced than Adrenalin on Liver (Metabolic rather than Cardiovascular)...Adrenalin more pronounced on Muscle & Fat

•Food sources...

-Catabolism of Lipids (Fat) yields the most ATP of all Macro Nutrients

-Carbs are anti-Lypolitic

LIPOGENESIS & TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS:-

•Metabolic Pathway of creating Fats...opposite to Lipolysis

KETOSIS:-

•Metabolic Pathway when body does not have enough Glucose for energy, so Ketones become source of energy

•Stored Fat is broken down leading to buildup of Ketones (Organic acidic compound containing Carbon and Oxygen) which are eliminated in urine

KETOGENESIS:-

•Process where Ketones are produced as a result of Fatty Acid breakdown

•Triggered by Fasted Mode

•Ketones can be utilised by the Brain for energy

PROTEOLYSIS:-

•Breakdown of Protein in to Amino Acids

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:-

•Process where new Proteins are created

•Balanced by loss of Protein from Amino Acids Proteolysis and export to cells or secretion

mTOR:

•mTOR is a Serine (Non-Essential Amino Acid)/Threonine (Essential Amino Acid) protein kinase that regulates...

-Cell growth

-Cell proliferation

-Cell motility

-Cell survival

-Protein synthesis

-Autophagy

PROTEIN KINASE:-

•A kinase enzyme that modifies other Proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)

-Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by...

—Changing enzyme activity

—Cellular location

—Association with other proteins

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